# llvm816 — Current Status

LLVM/Clang backend for the WDC 65816 (Apple IIgs), forked from
llvm-mos as a separate `W65816` target.

## What works

End-to-end C-to-binary toolchain that produces 65816 machine code
which runs correctly under MAME (apple2gs).

**Language coverage at -O2 (no extra flags):**

- All scalar arithmetic: i8 / i16 / i32 / i64 add, sub, mul, div, mod
  (signed and unsigned). Carry-chained multi-word ops via ADC/SBC pseudos
  + ASLA16 / shift libcalls.
- Comparisons and signed/unsigned widening (sext, zext, trunc) for all
  the above sizes.
- Pointer arithmetic, array indexing, struct field access, struct
  return-by-value (up to 8 bytes — Pair, Vec4, double).
- Bitfields, switch statements (verified up to ~12 cases + default),
  function pointers, function-pointer tables, indirect calls via
  `__jsl_indir` trampoline.
- Recursion: factorial, Fibonacci, depth-3 binary-tree
  insert/sum/min/max, simple recursive quicksort.
- Loops with goto / break / continue, nested loops, state machines.
- `<stdarg.h>` varargs with int / long / unsigned long long mixed args.
- Heap: `malloc` / `free` (libc.c first-fit allocator) — linked-list
  reverse with `cons` works.
- Strings: hand-rolled `strlen`, `strcmp`, `strcpy`, `strchr`, atoi/itoa
  roundtrip.
- Soft-float (single): all four ops + comparisons, MAME-verified.
- Soft-double: add, sub, mul, div all return correct bit patterns
  bit-for-bit against gcc with round-to-nearest-even rounding;
  3-iter Newton sqrt converges. Long-running iterations may hit MAME's
  1-second sim-time budget (test config issue, not a compiler bug).
- Inline assembly with `"a"`, `"x"`, `"y"` register constraints and
  arbitrary opcode bytes (used for the `pha;plb` bank-switch idiom).
- C++ minimal: clang++ compiles a class with virtual + non-trivial
  ctor (vtable + RTTI omitted; no exceptions).
- printf with `%d %x %s %c %p` and width/precision specifiers.
- sprintf / snprintf / vsprintf / vsnprintf with the same format
  coverage as printf (`%d %u %x %ld %lu %s %c %f %p %%` + width).
  C99 truncation semantics for snprintf.  `%.Nf` produces the
  correct fractional digits with round-half-up.
- qsort + bsearch over arbitrary element size with a user `cmp`
  callback (insertion-sort variant — sidesteps the greedy regalloc
  bug in the recursive iterative-qsort form).
- Standard string/stdlib glue: strcat, strncat, strpbrk, strspn,
  strcspn, atol, llabs (kept in their own translation unit so
  vprintf's branch layout doesn't shift).
- `<math.h>`: fabs, floor, ceil, fmod, copysign, sqrt, pow,
  sin, cos, exp, log, atan, atan2, asin, acos, sinh, cosh, tanh
  (and float variants).  Bit-twiddling for fabs/floor/ceil/copysign;
  Newton iteration for sqrt; range-reduction + Taylor for sin/cos/
  exp/log/atan; identities for asin/acos/atan2/sinh/cosh/tanh.
  Accuracy is in the ~1e-6 range — good enough for typical numeric
  work, far short of glibc-quality.  These are slow (each call is
  dozens to hundreds of soft-double libcalls) — pre-compute or
  cache when possible.
- `setjmp` / `longjmp` from libgcc.s.
- Static constructors via crt0's init_array walk.

**Toolchain:**

- `clang` / `llc` produce W65816 assembly + ELF object files.
- `tools/link816` resolves cross-translation-unit refs, lays out
  text/rodata/bss, emits a flat binary the IIgs ROM can load.
- `tools/omfEmit` produces OMF v2.1 single-segment files (the IIgs's
  native object format) for round-tripping with classic dev tools.
- `runtime/build.sh` builds crt0, libc, soft-float, soft-double,
  libgcc into linkable objects.
- `scripts/smokeTest.sh` runs ~80 end-to-end checks (scalar ops,
  control flow, calling conventions, MAME execution, regressions).
  Currently 100% pass.

**ABI:**

- arg0 in A; arg1 in X for i32-first-arg signatures; rest pushed RTL
  on the system stack with PHA. Caller deallocates via `tsc;clc;adc
  #N;tcs` or `PLY*N/2`.
- Return: i8/i16 in A; i32 in A:X; i64 in A:X:Y plus DP[$F0..$F1] for
  the highest 16 bits.
- Frame is empty-descending (S points to next-free); offsets account
  for the +1 skew vs LLVM's full-descending model.

## In flight

Nothing tracked is open.  Runtime now exposes a ~complete C99
subset: sprintf/snprintf with correct %.Nf precision, qsort/bsearch,
the full string.h family (strcat/strncat/strpbrk/strspn/strcspn/
strtok/strtok_r), math.h with the eleven common transcendentals
(sqrt/pow/sin/cos/exp/log/atan/atan2/asin/acos/sinh/cosh/tanh),
atol/llabs/atexit/exit/abort, and a smoke test that exercises
malloc + struct pointers + strcmp/strcpy via a working hash table
end-to-end in MAME.

`strtok` / `strtok_r` live in their own TU built at `-O0` — the
`-O2` codegen for the str==NULL continuation path miscompiles
(documented as the same backend-fragility class as #70 / qsort,
both mitigated by reaching for fast regalloc per-TU).  Multi-call
strtok over "a,b,,c" works end-to-end in smoke.

A small **RPN calculator** test (smoke #87) chains strtok, atol,
push/pop over a static stack, snprintf "%ld", and strcmp to verify
the end-to-end composition under a realistic-ish workload — adds,
subs, muls, divs, and 3-deep operand stacks all work.

The **DWARF sidecar** (`link816 --debug-out FILE`) now applies
text/rodata/bss/init_array relocations to every `.debug_*` section
before writing it. PC values in `.debug_addr` and `.debug_line` end
up as final-image addresses, so a consumer can map back to source
lines without re-running the linker. Intra-debug references (e.g.
`.debug_info` -> `.debug_str` offsets) are intentionally left
object-local — sections are concatenated, not recompacted, and each
slice carries an `; OBJ ... SEC ... SIZE ...` header so a multi-TU
consumer can scope intra-debug offsets per-slice. The smoke test
verifies the address of a known function appears in the patched
sidecar bytes.

## Known issues / workarounds

- **Greedy register allocator mis-orders spills** in iterative
  quicksort with `if/else` recursion choice (#70). Live-range
  tracking for `hi` is wrong across the inner loop and post-loop
  swap call, producing miscompiled code. Reproduces only at
  `-O1`/`-O2` with greedy. Workarounds (any one):
  - `__attribute__((noinline,optnone))` on the affected function —
    routes through fast regalloc per-function. Verified in smoke
    test; recommended for new code that hits this.
  - `-mllvm -regalloc=fast` for the whole translation unit.
    `softDouble.c` already uses this for `__muldf3` (build.sh
    applies it automatically).
  - Rewrite the loop with explicit recursion guards instead of
    the iterative tail-elim form.

  Real fix needs deeper greedy work; deferred behind the per-
  function attribute since it covers the practical cases.

- **(d,s),y / (sr,s),y addressing wraps the bank** when Y is
  negative as 16-bit unsigned. Worked around by `W65816NegYIndY`
  rewriting the affected ops to `TAX ; LDA/STA $0000,X`. Stays
  correct for negative offsets like `arr[i-1]`.

- **(d,s),y for stack-local pointer dereferences uses DBR**, so
  user code that switches DBR (e.g. `pha;plb` to bank 2 to reach
  IIgs hardware) must not call into a function that takes the
  address of one of its locals — the callee's `*p = v` will write
  to the wrong bank. Documented; no compiler-side mitigation
  beyond the existing DPF0 fake-physreg routing for the i64-return
  high half.

## What's still needed for a "ship-ready" toolchain

- **Greedy regalloc spill-ordering fix** — see above. Removes the
  need for the per-file `-regalloc=fast` workaround on
  `softDouble.c` and unblocks pattern-rich code that currently
  must be compiled at `-O0` for correctness.

- **More of the C standard library**: real `<stdio.h>` file I/O
  (`fopen`, `fread`, `fwrite`, `fseek` are currently stubs
  returning success/zero) — would need a memory-backed FS or a
  MAME hook; `<locale.h>` / `<wchar.h>` if any real-world code
  needs them.

- **C++ runtime support**: vtable layout for multiple inheritance,
  RTTI, exceptions (or a documented `-fno-exceptions` requirement).

- **REP/SEP scheduling pass** (design doc §3.3): the current
  prologue picks one M-mode for the whole function based on
  whether any 8-bit accumulator value is used. A per-region
  scheduler would reduce the SEP/REP wrap overhead on i8 stores.

- **Toolbox / IIgs system call bindings**: header files declaring
  the Apple IIgs system calls (`SystemTask`, `WaitMouseUp`,
  `DrawString`, …) with the right inline-asm dispatch glue.

- **Real-world program coverage**: the smoke tests are
  microbenchmarks. A few known-good Apple IIgs C programs (e.g.
  a textfile pager, a small game) compiled and run end-to-end
  would catch issues no synthetic test currently exercises.

- **Cycle-time / size benchmarks vs Calypsi 5.16**: design doc §1
  says the goal is to "match or exceed" Calypsi. We have neither
  baseline numbers nor a comparison harness yet.